TY  - JOUR
AU  - Schachner-Gröhs, Iris
AU  - Koller, Michael
AU  - Leopold, Melanie
AU  - Kolm, Claudia
AU  - Linke, Rita
AU  - Jakwerth, Stefan
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Kandler, Wolfgang
AU  - Sulyok, Michael
AU  - Vierheilig, Julia
AU  - Toumi, Marwene
AU  - Farkas, Rózsa
AU  - Toth, Erika
AU  - Kittinger, Clemens
AU  - Zarfel, Gernot
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander
PY  - 2024
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6581
AB  - The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment is a growing health threat. Large rivers are of particular concern as they are highly impacted by wastewater discharge while being vital lifelines serving various human needs. A comprehensive understanding of occurrence, spread and key drivers of AMR along whole river courses is largely lacking. We provide a holistic approach by studying spatiotemporal patterns and hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) along 2311 km of the navigable Danube River, combining a longitudinal and temporal monitoring campaign. The integration of advanced faecal pollution diagnostics and environmental and chemical key parameters allowed linking ARG concentrations to the major pollution sources and explaining the observed patterns. Nine AMR markers, including genes conferring resistance to five different antibiotic classes of clinical and environmental relevance, and one integrase gene were determined by probe-based qPCR. All AMR targets could be quantified in Danube River water, with intI1 and sul1 being ubiquitously abundant, qnrS, tetM, blaTEM with intermediate abundance and blaOXA-48like, blaCTX−M-1 group, blaCTX−M-9 group and blaKPC genes with rare occurrence. Human faecal pollution from municipal wastewater discharges was the dominant factor shaping ARG patterns along the Danube River. Other significant correlations of specific ARGs were observed with discharge, certain metals and pesticides. In contrast, intI1 was not associated with wastewater but was already established in the water microbiome. Animal contamination was detected only sporadically and was correlated with ARGs only in the temporal sampling set. During temporal monitoring, an extraordinary hotspot was identified emphasizing the variability within natural waters. This study provides the first comprehensive baseline concentrations of ARGs in the Danube River and lays the foundation for monitoring future trends and evaluating potential reduction measures. The applided holistic approach proved to be a valuable methodological contribution towards a better understanding of the environmental occurrence of AMR.
PB  - Elsevier
T2  - Water Research
T1  - Linking antibiotic resistance gene patterns with advanced faecal pollution assessment and environmental key parameters along 2300 km of the Danube River
VL  - 252
DO  - 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121244
SP  - 121244
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Schachner-Gröhs, Iris and Koller, Michael and Leopold, Melanie and Kolm, Claudia and Linke, Rita and Jakwerth, Stefan and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Kandler, Wolfgang and Sulyok, Michael and Vierheilig, Julia and Toumi, Marwene and Farkas, Rózsa and Toth, Erika and Kittinger, Clemens and Zarfel, Gernot and Farnleitner, Andreas and Kirschner, Alexander",
year = "2024",
abstract = "The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment is a growing health threat. Large rivers are of particular concern as they are highly impacted by wastewater discharge while being vital lifelines serving various human needs. A comprehensive understanding of occurrence, spread and key drivers of AMR along whole river courses is largely lacking. We provide a holistic approach by studying spatiotemporal patterns and hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) along 2311 km of the navigable Danube River, combining a longitudinal and temporal monitoring campaign. The integration of advanced faecal pollution diagnostics and environmental and chemical key parameters allowed linking ARG concentrations to the major pollution sources and explaining the observed patterns. Nine AMR markers, including genes conferring resistance to five different antibiotic classes of clinical and environmental relevance, and one integrase gene were determined by probe-based qPCR. All AMR targets could be quantified in Danube River water, with intI1 and sul1 being ubiquitously abundant, qnrS, tetM, blaTEM with intermediate abundance and blaOXA-48like, blaCTX−M-1 group, blaCTX−M-9 group and blaKPC genes with rare occurrence. Human faecal pollution from municipal wastewater discharges was the dominant factor shaping ARG patterns along the Danube River. Other significant correlations of specific ARGs were observed with discharge, certain metals and pesticides. In contrast, intI1 was not associated with wastewater but was already established in the water microbiome. Animal contamination was detected only sporadically and was correlated with ARGs only in the temporal sampling set. During temporal monitoring, an extraordinary hotspot was identified emphasizing the variability within natural waters. This study provides the first comprehensive baseline concentrations of ARGs in the Danube River and lays the foundation for monitoring future trends and evaluating potential reduction measures. The applided holistic approach proved to be a valuable methodological contribution towards a better understanding of the environmental occurrence of AMR.",
publisher = "Elsevier",
journal = "Water Research",
title = "Linking antibiotic resistance gene patterns with advanced faecal pollution assessment and environmental key parameters along 2300 km of the Danube River",
volume = "252",
doi = "10.1016/j.watres.2024.121244",
pages = "121244"
}

Schachner-Gröhs, I., Koller, M., Leopold, M., Kolm, C., Linke, R., Jakwerth, S., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Kandler, W., Sulyok, M., Vierheilig, J., Toumi, M., Farkas, R., Toth, E., Kittinger, C., Zarfel, G., Farnleitner, A.,& Kirschner, A.. (2024). Linking antibiotic resistance gene patterns with advanced faecal pollution assessment and environmental key parameters along 2300 km of the Danube River. in Water Research
Elsevier., 252, 121244.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121244

Schachner-Gröhs I, Koller M, Leopold M, Kolm C, Linke R, Jakwerth S, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Kandler W, Sulyok M, Vierheilig J, Toumi M, Farkas R, Toth E, Kittinger C, Zarfel G, Farnleitner A, Kirschner A. Linking antibiotic resistance gene patterns with advanced faecal pollution assessment and environmental key parameters along 2300 km of the Danube River. in Water Research. 2024;252:121244.
doi:10.1016/j.watres.2024.121244 .

Schachner-Gröhs, Iris, Koller, Michael, Leopold, Melanie, Kolm, Claudia, Linke, Rita, Jakwerth, Stefan, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Kandler, Wolfgang, Sulyok, Michael, Vierheilig, Julia, Toumi, Marwene, Farkas, Rózsa, Toth, Erika, Kittinger, Clemens, Zarfel, Gernot, Farnleitner, Andreas, Kirschner, Alexander, "Linking antibiotic resistance gene patterns with advanced faecal pollution assessment and environmental key parameters along 2300 km of the Danube River" in Water Research, 252 (2024):121244,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121244 . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Koller, Michel
AU  - Dielacher, Irina
AU  - Schachner, Iris
AU  - Leopold, Melanie
AU  - Jakwerth, Sefan
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Toth, Erika
AU  - Savio, Domenico
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas
AU  - Kittinger, Clemens
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander
AU  - Zarfel, Gernot
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6593
AB  - Human induced antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) are not only found in clinical surroundings: large
rivers are of great concern as regards their spreading. This ongoing study´s aim is to analyse the
major propagation pathways and sources of ARB in the Danube, and to compare the results with
data obtained in 2013. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated during the 4th Joint Danube
Survey (2019) were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility. 22.24% of 1700 E. coli were resistant and
12.35% were multiresistant. 15.23 % of 696 Klebsiella spp. were resistant and 1.15% were
multiresistant. In comparison the data of 2013 and 2019 of both Enterobacteriaceae showed that the
wild type is still predominant. There were significant increases especially to fluoroquinolones and
augmentin and a significant decrease of resistances to tetracycline. However, the data of JDS4
showed a significant difference between E. coli and Klebsiella spp. regarding wild type, resistance and
multiresistance. Additionally, data of 1155 E. coli showed no seasonal trends in Austria during an
annual sampling. The comparison of E. coli from biofilms and corresponding water samples revealed
several significant differences between the compartments. In conclusion, the preliminary data of E.
coli from biofilm samples suggest that the biofilm as a stable colonization within waters reflects
especially the long term situation. Thus, the stabilizing and destabilizing effects acting on ARG within
the biofilm need to be researched in greater detail. Significant differences between the closely
related Enterobacteriaceae species seem to point out the dilemma of E. coli as a solely model
organism for environmental long term effects. Klebsiella spp. and their associated ARGs are facing a
different selective pressure when encountering the native environmental populations. Finally, the
results of the annual sampling campaign suggest that single environmental differences have a higher
impact than seasonal events.
PB  - Austrian Committee - International Association for Danube Research
C3  - Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria
T1  - The Danube's water and biofilms: Antimicrobial resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae populations
SP  - 24
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6593
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Koller, Michel and Dielacher, Irina and Schachner, Iris and Leopold, Melanie and Jakwerth, Sefan and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Toth, Erika and Savio, Domenico and Farnleitner, Andreas and Kittinger, Clemens and Kirschner, Alexander and Zarfel, Gernot",
year = "2023",
abstract = "Human induced antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) are not only found in clinical surroundings: large
rivers are of great concern as regards their spreading. This ongoing study´s aim is to analyse the
major propagation pathways and sources of ARB in the Danube, and to compare the results with
data obtained in 2013. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated during the 4th Joint Danube
Survey (2019) were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility. 22.24% of 1700 E. coli were resistant and
12.35% were multiresistant. 15.23 % of 696 Klebsiella spp. were resistant and 1.15% were
multiresistant. In comparison the data of 2013 and 2019 of both Enterobacteriaceae showed that the
wild type is still predominant. There were significant increases especially to fluoroquinolones and
augmentin and a significant decrease of resistances to tetracycline. However, the data of JDS4
showed a significant difference between E. coli and Klebsiella spp. regarding wild type, resistance and
multiresistance. Additionally, data of 1155 E. coli showed no seasonal trends in Austria during an
annual sampling. The comparison of E. coli from biofilms and corresponding water samples revealed
several significant differences between the compartments. In conclusion, the preliminary data of E.
coli from biofilm samples suggest that the biofilm as a stable colonization within waters reflects
especially the long term situation. Thus, the stabilizing and destabilizing effects acting on ARG within
the biofilm need to be researched in greater detail. Significant differences between the closely
related Enterobacteriaceae species seem to point out the dilemma of E. coli as a solely model
organism for environmental long term effects. Klebsiella spp. and their associated ARGs are facing a
different selective pressure when encountering the native environmental populations. Finally, the
results of the annual sampling campaign suggest that single environmental differences have a higher
impact than seasonal events.",
publisher = "Austrian Committee - International Association for Danube Research",
journal = "Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria",
title = "The Danube's water and biofilms: Antimicrobial resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae populations",
pages = "24",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6593"
}

Koller, M., Dielacher, I., Schachner, I., Leopold, M., Jakwerth, S., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Toth, E., Savio, D., Farnleitner, A., Kittinger, C., Kirschner, A.,& Zarfel, G.. (2023). The Danube's water and biofilms: Antimicrobial resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae populations. in Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria
Austrian Committee - International Association for Danube Research., 24.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6593

Koller M, Dielacher I, Schachner I, Leopold M, Jakwerth S, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Toth E, Savio D, Farnleitner A, Kittinger C, Kirschner A, Zarfel G. The Danube's water and biofilms: Antimicrobial resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae populations. in Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria. 2023;:24.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6593 .

Koller, Michel, Dielacher, Irina, Schachner, Iris, Leopold, Melanie, Jakwerth, Sefan, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Toth, Erika, Savio, Domenico, Farnleitner, Andreas, Kittinger, Clemens, Kirschner, Alexander, Zarfel, Gernot, "The Danube's water and biofilms: Antimicrobial resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae populations" in Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria (2023):24,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6593 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Schachner-Gröhs, Iris
AU  - Kolm, Claudia
AU  - Vierheilig, Julia
AU  - Leopold, Melanie
AU  - Zarfel, Gernot
AU  - Koller, Michael
AU  - Kittinger, Clemens
AU  - Jakwerth, Stefan
AU  - Linke, Rita
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Toth, Erika
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6590
AB  - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the top ten global public health threats according
to the WHO. The spread of resistances is no longer limited to clinical settings and the natural
environment, especially aquatic ecosystems, are also strongly involved in the global spread. Holistic
as well as quantitative studies are still scarce. We here present for the first time a large scale study
on the Danube River regarding the distribution of AMR along different faecal pollution patterns.
For this study, samples from an international sampling campaign (Joint Danube Survey 4) as well as
additional seasonal samples were screened for the occurrence and origin of faecal pollution and for
the concentrations of nine representative antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In addition to water
samples also river biofilms were monitored to account for both, temporal and permanent river
habitats. Analyses were amended by a set of different cultivation-based and non-cultivation-based
microbiological and environmental data to explain the observed pattern in faecal pollution and ARG
concentrations.
Faecal pollution exists and varied strongly along the whole Danube river; hotspots could be identified
downstream of metropolitan areas at which also substantial concentrations of ARGs could be
detected. Quantifying concentrations of ARGs conferring resistance to different antibiotic classes
revealed strong differences between the different genes. Comparing their presence in water and
biofilm samples, allowed to assess how stably present these genes already are in the Danube River
ecosystem.
Environmental surveys are necessary to establish environmental baselines, to be able to guide future
AMR monitoring as well as to enforce useful management strategies. This integrative study therefore
provides first insights in the antimicrobial resistance situation in the most international river in the
world and second largest river in Europe
PB  - Austrian Committee - International Association for Danube Research
C3  - Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria
T1  - Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes along gradients of faecal pollution in water and biofilm samples from the whole Danube River
SP  - 25
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6590
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Schachner-Gröhs, Iris and Kolm, Claudia and Vierheilig, Julia and Leopold, Melanie and Zarfel, Gernot and Koller, Michael and Kittinger, Clemens and Jakwerth, Stefan and Linke, Rita and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Toth, Erika and Farnleitner, Andreas and Kirschner, Alexander",
year = "2023",
abstract = "Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the top ten global public health threats according
to the WHO. The spread of resistances is no longer limited to clinical settings and the natural
environment, especially aquatic ecosystems, are also strongly involved in the global spread. Holistic
as well as quantitative studies are still scarce. We here present for the first time a large scale study
on the Danube River regarding the distribution of AMR along different faecal pollution patterns.
For this study, samples from an international sampling campaign (Joint Danube Survey 4) as well as
additional seasonal samples were screened for the occurrence and origin of faecal pollution and for
the concentrations of nine representative antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In addition to water
samples also river biofilms were monitored to account for both, temporal and permanent river
habitats. Analyses were amended by a set of different cultivation-based and non-cultivation-based
microbiological and environmental data to explain the observed pattern in faecal pollution and ARG
concentrations.
Faecal pollution exists and varied strongly along the whole Danube river; hotspots could be identified
downstream of metropolitan areas at which also substantial concentrations of ARGs could be
detected. Quantifying concentrations of ARGs conferring resistance to different antibiotic classes
revealed strong differences between the different genes. Comparing their presence in water and
biofilm samples, allowed to assess how stably present these genes already are in the Danube River
ecosystem.
Environmental surveys are necessary to establish environmental baselines, to be able to guide future
AMR monitoring as well as to enforce useful management strategies. This integrative study therefore
provides first insights in the antimicrobial resistance situation in the most international river in the
world and second largest river in Europe",
publisher = "Austrian Committee - International Association for Danube Research",
journal = "Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria",
title = "Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes along gradients of faecal pollution in water and biofilm samples from the whole Danube River",
pages = "25",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6590"
}

Schachner-Gröhs, I., Kolm, C., Vierheilig, J., Leopold, M., Zarfel, G., Koller, M., Kittinger, C., Jakwerth, S., Linke, R., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Toth, E., Farnleitner, A.,& Kirschner, A.. (2023). Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes along gradients of faecal pollution in water and biofilm samples from the whole Danube River. in Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria
Austrian Committee - International Association for Danube Research., 25.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6590

Schachner-Gröhs I, Kolm C, Vierheilig J, Leopold M, Zarfel G, Koller M, Kittinger C, Jakwerth S, Linke R, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Toth E, Farnleitner A, Kirschner A. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes along gradients of faecal pollution in water and biofilm samples from the whole Danube River. in Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria. 2023;:25.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6590 .

Schachner-Gröhs, Iris, Kolm, Claudia, Vierheilig, Julia, Leopold, Melanie, Zarfel, Gernot, Koller, Michael, Kittinger, Clemens, Jakwerth, Stefan, Linke, Rita, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Toth, Erika, Farnleitner, Andreas, Kirschner, Alexander, "Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes along gradients of faecal pollution in water and biofilm samples from the whole Danube River" in Conference Book: 44th IAD conference: Tackling Present & Future Environmental Challenges of a European Riverscape; 2023 Feb 6-9; Krems, Austria (2023):25,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6590 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rehm, Carmen
AU  - Lippert, Kathrin
AU  - Indra, Alexander
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Leopold, Melanie
AU  - Steinbacher, Sophia
AU  - Schachner, Iris
AU  - Campostrini, Lena
AU  - Risslegger, Alexandra
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas H.
AU  - Kolm, Claudia
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander K T
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/5485
AB  - Vibrio cholerae are natural inhabitants of specific aquatic environments. Strains not belonging to serogroups O1 and O139 are usually unable to produce cholera toxin and cause cholera. However, non-toxigenic V. cholerae (NTVC) are able to cause a variety of mild-to-severe human infections (via seafood consumption or recreational activities). The number of unreported cases is considered substantial, as NTVC infections are not notifiable and physicians are mostly unaware of this pathogen. In the northern hemisphere, NTVC infections have been reported to increase due to global warming. In Eastern Europe, climatic and geological conditions favour the existence of inland water-bodies harbouring NTVC. We thus investigated the occurrence of NTVC in nine Serbian natural and artificial lakes and ponds, many of them used for fishing and bathing. With the exception of one highly saline lake, all investigated water-bodies harboured NTVC, ranging from 5.4 × 101 to 1.86 × 104 CFU and 4.5 × 102 to 5.6 × 106 genomic units per 100 ml. The maximum values observed were in the range of bathing waters in other countries, where infections have been reported. Interestingly, 7 out of 39 fully sequenced presumptive V. cholerae isolates were assigned as V. paracholerae, a recently described sister species of V. cholerae. Some clones and sublineages of both V. cholerae and V. paracholerae were shared by different environments indicating an exchange of strains over long distances. Important pathogenicity factors such as hlyA, toxR, and ompU were present in both species. Seasonal monitoring of ponds/lakes used for recreation in Serbia is thus recommended to be prepared for potential occurrence of infections promoted by climate change-induced rise in water temperatures.
PB  - Hoboken: Wiley
T2  - Environmental Microbiology Reports
T1  - First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae
DO  - 10.1111/1758-2229.13136
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Rehm, Carmen and Lippert, Kathrin and Indra, Alexander and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Leopold, Melanie and Steinbacher, Sophia and Schachner, Iris and Campostrini, Lena and Risslegger, Alexandra and Farnleitner, Andreas H. and Kolm, Claudia and Kirschner, Alexander K T",
year = "2023",
abstract = "Vibrio cholerae are natural inhabitants of specific aquatic environments. Strains not belonging to serogroups O1 and O139 are usually unable to produce cholera toxin and cause cholera. However, non-toxigenic V. cholerae (NTVC) are able to cause a variety of mild-to-severe human infections (via seafood consumption or recreational activities). The number of unreported cases is considered substantial, as NTVC infections are not notifiable and physicians are mostly unaware of this pathogen. In the northern hemisphere, NTVC infections have been reported to increase due to global warming. In Eastern Europe, climatic and geological conditions favour the existence of inland water-bodies harbouring NTVC. We thus investigated the occurrence of NTVC in nine Serbian natural and artificial lakes and ponds, many of them used for fishing and bathing. With the exception of one highly saline lake, all investigated water-bodies harboured NTVC, ranging from 5.4 × 101 to 1.86 × 104 CFU and 4.5 × 102 to 5.6 × 106 genomic units per 100 ml. The maximum values observed were in the range of bathing waters in other countries, where infections have been reported. Interestingly, 7 out of 39 fully sequenced presumptive V. cholerae isolates were assigned as V. paracholerae, a recently described sister species of V. cholerae. Some clones and sublineages of both V. cholerae and V. paracholerae were shared by different environments indicating an exchange of strains over long distances. Important pathogenicity factors such as hlyA, toxR, and ompU were present in both species. Seasonal monitoring of ponds/lakes used for recreation in Serbia is thus recommended to be prepared for potential occurrence of infections promoted by climate change-induced rise in water temperatures.",
publisher = "Hoboken: Wiley",
journal = "Environmental Microbiology Reports",
title = "First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae",
doi = "10.1111/1758-2229.13136"
}

Rehm, C., Lippert, K., Indra, A., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Leopold, M., Steinbacher, S., Schachner, I., Campostrini, L., Risslegger, A., Farnleitner, A. H., Kolm, C.,& Kirschner, A. K. T.. (2023). First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae. in Environmental Microbiology Reports
Hoboken: Wiley..
https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13136

Rehm C, Lippert K, Indra A, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Leopold M, Steinbacher S, Schachner I, Campostrini L, Risslegger A, Farnleitner AH, Kolm C, Kirschner AKT. First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae. in Environmental Microbiology Reports. 2023;.
doi:10.1111/1758-2229.13136 .

Rehm, Carmen, Lippert, Kathrin, Indra, Alexander, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Leopold, Melanie, Steinbacher, Sophia, Schachner, Iris, Campostrini, Lena, Risslegger, Alexandra, Farnleitner, Andreas H., Kolm, Claudia, Kirschner, Alexander K T, "First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae" in Environmental Microbiology Reports (2023),
https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13136 . .