TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lazić, Marko M.
AU  - Carretero, Miguel A.
AU  - Živković, Uroš
AU  - Crnobrnja-Isailović, Jelka
PY  - 2017
UR  - http://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php/home/contents/2017-vol-53/1800-lazic-m-m-m-a-carretero-u-zivkovic-j-crnobrnja-isailovic
UR  - http://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php/home/contents/2017-vol-53/1800-lazic-m-m-m-a-carretero-u-zivkovic-j-crnobrnja-i
UR  - https://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2581
UR  - http://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php/home/contents/2017-vol-53/1800-lazic-m-m-m-a-carretero-u-zivkovic-j-crnobrnja-isailovic
AB  - Animals living in urban areas experience additional stress compared to those inhabiting more natural habitats. This could influence their physical state and ability to cope with parasites. Here, effects of environmental disturbances on body condition and prevalence and load of blood parasites in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) were investigated by comparing these indices between five urban and five rural populations. The physical condition index was lower in urban areas, and females were the most affected sex. This suggests significant fitness costs, as survival and reproductive output are often tightly linked to body condition. Prevalence of blood parasites was more variable in urban (2.5–100%) compared to rural (50.0–75.6%) populations, with no statistically significant differences between the two habitats. Prevalence of blood parasites increased with body size. Parasite load was significantly higher in urban lizards, suggesting strong effects of urbanisation on host–parasite interaction. An increased concentration of blood parasites should affect fitness since various aspects of physiology are compromised in parasitised animals. Larger animals were more frequently and more severely infected, most likely due to their being longer and more frequently exposed to parasites. No differences between sexes in both prevalence and intensity were found, suggesting equal susceptibility or exposure to parasites.
T2  - Salamandra
T1  - City life has fitness costs: Reduced body condition and increased parasite load in urban common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis
IS  - 1
VL  - 53
SP  - 10
EP  - 17
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_2581
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Lazić, Marko M. and Carretero, Miguel A. and Živković, Uroš and Crnobrnja-Isailović, Jelka",
year = "2017",
abstract = "Animals living in urban areas experience additional stress compared to those inhabiting more natural habitats. This could influence their physical state and ability to cope with parasites. Here, effects of environmental disturbances on body condition and prevalence and load of blood parasites in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) were investigated by comparing these indices between five urban and five rural populations. The physical condition index was lower in urban areas, and females were the most affected sex. This suggests significant fitness costs, as survival and reproductive output are often tightly linked to body condition. Prevalence of blood parasites was more variable in urban (2.5–100%) compared to rural (50.0–75.6%) populations, with no statistically significant differences between the two habitats. Prevalence of blood parasites increased with body size. Parasite load was significantly higher in urban lizards, suggesting strong effects of urbanisation on host–parasite interaction. An increased concentration of blood parasites should affect fitness since various aspects of physiology are compromised in parasitised animals. Larger animals were more frequently and more severely infected, most likely due to their being longer and more frequently exposed to parasites. No differences between sexes in both prevalence and intensity were found, suggesting equal susceptibility or exposure to parasites.",
journal = "Salamandra",
title = "City life has fitness costs: Reduced body condition and increased parasite load in urban common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis",
number = "1",
volume = "53",
pages = "10-17",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_2581"
}

Lazić, M. M., Carretero, M. A., Živković, U.,& Crnobrnja-Isailović, J.. (2017). City life has fitness costs: Reduced body condition and increased parasite load in urban common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis. in Salamandra, 53(1), 10-17.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_2581

Lazić MM, Carretero MA, Živković U, Crnobrnja-Isailović J. City life has fitness costs: Reduced body condition and increased parasite load in urban common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis. in Salamandra. 2017;53(1):10-17.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_2581 .

Lazić, Marko M., Carretero, Miguel A., Živković, Uroš, Crnobrnja-Isailović, Jelka, "City life has fitness costs: Reduced body condition and increased parasite load in urban common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis" in Salamandra, 53, no. 1 (2017):10-17,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_2581 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lazic, Marko M.
AU  - Carretero, Miguel A.
AU  - Crnobrnja-Isailović, Jelka M.
AU  - Kaliontzopoulou, Antigoni
PY  - 2015
UR  - https://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2098
AB  - When populations experience suboptimal conditions, the mechanisms
   involved in the regulation of phenotypic variation can be challenged,
   resulting in increased phenotypic variance. This kind of disturbance can
   be diagnosed by using morphometric tools to study morphological patterns
   at different hierarchical levels and evaluate canalization,
   developmental stability, integration, modularity, and allometry. We
   assess the effect of urbanization on phenotypic variation in the common
   wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) by using geometric morphometrics to
   assess disturbance to head shape development. The head shapes of urban
   lizards were more variable and less symmetric, suggesting that urban
   living is more likely to disturb development. Head shape variation was
   congruent within and across individuals, which indicated that
   canalization and developmental stability are two related phenomena in
   these organisms. Furthermore, urban lizards exhibited smaller mean head
   sizes, divergent size-shape allometries, and increased deviation from
   within-group allometric lines. This suggests that mechanisms regulating
   head shape allometry may also be disrupted. The integrated evaluation of
   several measures of developmental instability at different hierarchical
   levels, which provided in this case congruent results, can be a powerful
   methodological guide for future studies, as it enhances the detection of
   environmental disturbances on phenotypic variation and aids biological
   interpretation of the results.
T2  - American Naturalist
T1  - Effects of Environmental Disturbance on Phenotypic Variation: An
 Integrated Assessment of Canalization, Developmental Stability,
 Modularity, and Allometry in Lizard Head Shape
IS  - 1
VL  - 185
DO  - 10.1086/679011
SP  - 44
EP  - 58
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Lazic, Marko M. and Carretero, Miguel A. and Crnobrnja-Isailović, Jelka M. and Kaliontzopoulou, Antigoni",
year = "2015",
abstract = "When populations experience suboptimal conditions, the mechanisms
   involved in the regulation of phenotypic variation can be challenged,
   resulting in increased phenotypic variance. This kind of disturbance can
   be diagnosed by using morphometric tools to study morphological patterns
   at different hierarchical levels and evaluate canalization,
   developmental stability, integration, modularity, and allometry. We
   assess the effect of urbanization on phenotypic variation in the common
   wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) by using geometric morphometrics to
   assess disturbance to head shape development. The head shapes of urban
   lizards were more variable and less symmetric, suggesting that urban
   living is more likely to disturb development. Head shape variation was
   congruent within and across individuals, which indicated that
   canalization and developmental stability are two related phenomena in
   these organisms. Furthermore, urban lizards exhibited smaller mean head
   sizes, divergent size-shape allometries, and increased deviation from
   within-group allometric lines. This suggests that mechanisms regulating
   head shape allometry may also be disrupted. The integrated evaluation of
   several measures of developmental instability at different hierarchical
   levels, which provided in this case congruent results, can be a powerful
   methodological guide for future studies, as it enhances the detection of
   environmental disturbances on phenotypic variation and aids biological
   interpretation of the results.",
journal = "American Naturalist",
title = "Effects of Environmental Disturbance on Phenotypic Variation: An
 Integrated Assessment of Canalization, Developmental Stability,
 Modularity, and Allometry in Lizard Head Shape",
number = "1",
volume = "185",
doi = "10.1086/679011",
pages = "44-58"
}

Lazic, M. M., Carretero, M. A., Crnobrnja-Isailović, J. M.,& Kaliontzopoulou, A.. (2015). Effects of Environmental Disturbance on Phenotypic Variation: An
 Integrated Assessment of Canalization, Developmental Stability,
 Modularity, and Allometry in Lizard Head Shape. in American Naturalist, 185(1), 44-58.
https://doi.org/10.1086/679011

Lazic MM, Carretero MA, Crnobrnja-Isailović JM, Kaliontzopoulou A. Effects of Environmental Disturbance on Phenotypic Variation: An
 Integrated Assessment of Canalization, Developmental Stability,
 Modularity, and Allometry in Lizard Head Shape. in American Naturalist. 2015;185(1):44-58.
doi:10.1086/679011 .

Lazic, Marko M., Carretero, Miguel A., Crnobrnja-Isailović, Jelka M., Kaliontzopoulou, Antigoni, "Effects of Environmental Disturbance on Phenotypic Variation: An
 Integrated Assessment of Canalization, Developmental Stability,
 Modularity, and Allometry in Lizard Head Shape" in American Naturalist, 185, no. 1 (2015):44-58,
https://doi.org/10.1086/679011 . .