Ekofiziološke karakteristike nekih drvenastih vrsta biljaka i njihov potencijal za revitalizaciju deponije pepela termoelektrana

Abstract

Revitalizacija deponija pepela zasnivanjem biljnog pokrivača predstavlja postupakkojim se najbolje može umanjiti rizik za životnu sredinu i zdravlje ljudi. Uspostavljanjebiljnog pokrivača, setvom zeljastih i sadnjom drvenastih vrsta biljaka, obezbeđuje fizičkui hemijsku stabilizaciju pepela, sprečava eroziju vetrom i smanjuje disperziju toksičnihhemijskih elemenata u životnu sredinu. Selekcija biljnih vrsta u tom smislu je važan faktorkoji determiniše efikasnost postupka revitalizacije deponije. Istraživanja koja su predmetove teze, sprovedena su na deponiji pepela termoelektrane ‘Nikola Tesla A’ uObrenovcu (‘TENT A’), koja zauzima 382 ha plodnog obradivog zemljišta, na desnojobali reke Save i to: na aktivnoj laguni (L0) u koju se mešavina pepela i vode (1:10)hidraulički doprema i na dve pasivne lagune, L1 starosti tri godine i L2 starostijedanaest godina, na kojima se sprovodi proces privremenog-kratkotrajnog biološkogobnavljanja pasivnih laguna deponije. Cilj istraživanja bio je definisanje abiotičkihfaktora koji limitiraju opstanak i rast biljaka biljaka na lagunama deponije pepelarazličite starosti, kao i ispitivanje ekofizioloških, biohemijskih i morfološkihkarakteristika i proučavanje adaptivnog odgovora drvenastih vrsta biljaka na efektemultipnog stresa. Istraživanjima su obuhvaćene dve sađene vrste, tamariks (Tamarixtetrandra Pall.) i bagrem (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) i dve spontano kolonizovane vrste,bagrenac (Amorpha fruticosa L.) i bela topola (Populus alba L.), koje su na prostordeponije dospele sa okolnih staništa. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata procenjen je njihovkapacitet za opstanak u uslovima deponije i potencijal za sadnju u svrhu revitalizacijeovakvih staništa.Utvrđeno je da limitirajuće faktore za opstanak i rast biljaka na deponiji pepela‘TENT A’, predstavljaju nepovoljne fizičke i hemijke karakteristike pepela (peskovitmehanički sastav koji uslovljava mali sadržaj vode dostupne biljkama, fina tekstura iobrazovanje cementnih slojeva koji ometaju ukorenjavanje biljaka, povišen salinitet ialkalnost, toksičnost As, B, Cu, Mo, Se, Cr i Ni i deficit C, N, P, Mn i Zn).Deponovanje pepela u vlažnim lagunama i njegova izloženost atmosferskim prilikama(weathered ash), njegova biorekultivacija i spontano naseljavanje biljaka, pozitivno suse odrazili na promenu početnih, veoma nepovoljnih fizičkih i hemijskih karakteristika...

The revitalisation of fly ash deposits through the formation of a plant cover is apractice which can best reduce the risk to the environment and human health.Establishing a plant cover through sowing herbaceous plants and planting woodyspecies ensures the physical and chemical stabilisation of the ash, prevents winderosion, and reduces the dispersal of toxic, chemical elements into the environment. Thechoice of plant species for this purpose is an important factor which determines howeffective the revitalisation of the ash deposit site will be. The research that is the subject ofthis study was carried out at the fly ash deposits at the 'Nikola Tesla A' thermoelectricpower plant in Obrenovac ('TENT A'), which covers an area of 382 ha of fertile cultivatedland on the right bank of the River Sava. More specifically, it focussed on an active lagoon(L0), into which a pulp of ash and water (1:10) is sluiced, and two passive lagoons - L1,weathered for three years, and L2, weathered for 11 years, where the process of thetemporary, short-term biological restoration of these inactive ash deposit lagoons is beingcarried out. The aim of the research was to define the abiotic factors which limit thesurvival and growth of plants at fly ash deposit lagoons weathered for different lengths oftime, as well as to investigate ecophysiological, biochemical and morphologicalcharacteristics, and to study the adaptive responses of woody plant species to the effects ofmultiple stress. The study focussed on two planted species, tamarisk (Tamarix tetrandraPall.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and two naturally colonized speciesfalse indigo (Amorpha fruticosa L.) and white poplar (Populus alba L.), whichcolonized the ash deposit sites from surrounding habitats. On the basis of the resultsobtained, these species’ capacity for survival in the conditions encountered at a fly ashdeposit site and their potential for being planted with the aim of revitalising this type ofhabitat were assessed.It was established that the limiting factors for plant survival and growth at the ‘TENTA’ fly ash deposits were the unfavourable physical and chemical characteristics of theash (its sandy composition which results in a low water content available to plants; itsfine texture and the formation of cemented layers in the ash that hinder the rooting ofplants; increased salinity and alkalinity; As, B, Cu, Mo, Se, Cr and Ni toxicity; and C,N, P, Mn and Zn deficiency)...