Bryophyta, potencijalne lekovite sirovine

Abstract

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) are the second biggest group of plants after flowering plants, with approximately 28.000 species worldwide. However, not even a part as flowering plants, bryophytes are used as medicinal plants. Bryophyte chemistry is poorly known, and the results on this issue are very scattered. The reason for this is hard identification and small amount of the same species available for analyses by usually sophisticated methods. They are extremely rich in terpenoids, phenols (flavonoids and bibenzyl derivatives), glycosides and fatty acids, but also in same rare aromatic compounds. Bryophytes are considered as a 'remarkable reservoir' of new, natural products or secondary compounds, many of which have shown interesting biological activity. These activities can be presented as: antimicrobial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antitumor, vasopressin (VP) antagonist, cardiotonic, allergy causing, irritancy and tumor promoting, insect anti-feedant, insecticidal, molluscicidal, piscicidal, plant growth regulatory, superoxide anion radical release inhibition and 5-lipoxygenase, calmodulin, hyaluronidase and cyclooxygenase inhibition features of bryophytes. Some latest results also predict beneficial influence of bryophytes in AIDS therapy (some bibenzyles of liverworts). The subject matter of the present paper is focused on the medicinal uses and chemical constituents of bryophytes.

Bryophyta (mahovine, jetrenjače i rožnjače) su druga po veličini grupa biljaka, odmah posle cvetnica, sa oko 28.000 vrsta širom sveta. Ipak, čak ni delom kao cvetnice, briofite se ne koriste u terapijske svrhe. Hemijski sastav sastojaka briofita je veoma slabo poznat, a podaci o tome su vrlo neobjedinjeni. Razlog tome je teška identifikacija briofita i mala količina jedne iste vrste koja je dostupna za obično vrlo fine analize. Briofite su veoma bogate terpenoidima, fenolima (flavonoidi i derivati bibenzila), glikozidima, masnim kiselinama, proteinima, ali i nekim drugim retkim aromatičnim jedinjenjima. Danas se briofite smatraju značajnim rezervoarima novih prirodnih produkata i sekundarnih jedinjenja od kojih mnoga imaju interesantnu biološku aktivnost. Biološka aktivnost briofita može se grubo predstaviti sledećim dejstvima: antimikrobno, antifungalno, citotoksično, antitumorsko, kardiotonično, alergeno, nadražujuće i tumor pospešujuće, insekticidno, moluscicidno i piscicidno. Neka jedinjenja briofita takodje štite biljke od insekata, regulišu rast biljaka, inhibiraju oslobadjanje superoksid anjon radikala ili vrše inaktivaciju radikala, inhibiraju aktivnost 5-lipoksigenaze, kalmodulina, hijaluronidaze i ciklooksigenaze. Poslednji podaci govore i o anti-HIV aktivnosti nekih jedinjenja iz briofita (neki bibenzili jetrenjača). U radu su izložena lekovita svojsta i hemijski sastav briofita.