Regulation of rat haptoglobin gene expression is coordinated by the nuclear matrix

Abstract

Using computer stress-induced duplex destabilization (SIDD) analysis and binding experiments, we identified a S/MAR element (−599/−200 bp) (Hp-S/MAR) adjacent to the cis-element (−165/−56 bp) in the rat haptoglobin gene. We examined its functional interactions with the lamins and lamin-associated proteins in the basal state and during acute-phase (AP) response-induced increased transcription. Colocalization, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and re-electrophoresis of nucleoprotein complexes, South-Western and Western blot analysis and coimunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the lamins, PARP-1, C/EBPβ, and Hp-S/MAR assembled higher order complexes through direct lamin-Hp-S/MAR and probably PARP-1–Hp-S/MAR interactions although C/EBPβ did not bind to the Hp-S/MAR but established direct interaction with PARP-1. The transition from constitutive to increased haptoglobin gene transcription during the AP response was associated with quantitative and qualitative changes in Hp-S/MAR–protein interactions, respectively, observed as increased association of the lamin(s) with the Hp-S/MAR and as the appearance of a 90 kDa Hp-S/MAR-binding protein. Also, during the AP response the contact between C/EBPβ and PARP-1 established in the basal state was lost. DNA chromatography with the haptoglobin cis-element and Western blot analysis suggests that PARP-1 was a coactivator during constitutive and elevated transcription. The results show that the lamin components of the nuclear matrix form a network of functional, dynamic protein–protein and protein–Hp-S/MAR associations with multiple partners, and underline the involvement of PARP-1 in the regulation of haptoglobin gene transcription. We concluded that the interplay of these interactions fine tunes haptoglobin gene expression to meet the changing requirements of liver cells.