@article{
author = "Vukčević, Marija and Šerović, Katarina and Despot, Mateja and Nikolić-Kokić, Aleksandra and Vujović, Aleksandra and Nikolić, Milan and Blagojević, Duško and Jovanović, Tanja and Despot, Dragana",
year = "2024",
abstract = "Background: Several vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and licensed to
enhance the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, previous infection with SARS-CoV-
2 has been shown to provide significant protection against severe infection and hospitalization.
Methods: We investigated the effect of three doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and SARS-CoV-2
infection on the specific immune response in 103 volunteers, measuring neutralizing antibodies, anti-
S1 IgG, anti-RBD IgM, anti-N IgM, anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ. Results: Our results showed
that the presence of cardiovascular diseases increased the level of anti-N-IgG antibodies, while
endocrinological diseases decreased the level of neutralizing antibodies and anti-N IgG antibodies,
suggesting that these diseases alter the effect of vaccine-induced immunity. In addition, there was a
significant decrease in anti-S1 IgG levels at 6 months and in anti-N IgG levels 18 months post-infection,
while neutralizing antibodies and INF γ levels were constant at 3, 6, and 18 months post-infection.
Conclusions: Our results confirm the emergence of hybrid immunity, which is the strongest and
most durable compared to natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity. Significant positive
correlations were found between humoral and cellular immunity markers: neutralizing antibodies,
anti-S1 IgG and anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ, indicating a unique coordinated response specific
to COVID-19.",
publisher = "Basel: MDPI",
journal = "Pharmaceuticals",
title = "Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity",
number = "1",
volume = "17",
doi = "10.3390/ph17010122",
pages = "122"
}