TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rehm, Carmen
AU  - Lippert, Kathrin
AU  - Indra, Alexander
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Leopold, Melanie
AU  - Steinbacher, Sophia
AU  - Schachner, Iris
AU  - Campostrini, Lena
AU  - Risslegger, Alexandra
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas H.
AU  - Kolm, Claudia
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander K T
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/5485
AB  - Vibrio cholerae are natural inhabitants of specific aquatic environments. Strains not belonging to serogroups O1 and O139 are usually unable to produce cholera toxin and cause cholera. However, non-toxigenic V. cholerae (NTVC) are able to cause a variety of mild-to-severe human infections (via seafood consumption or recreational activities). The number of unreported cases is considered substantial, as NTVC infections are not notifiable and physicians are mostly unaware of this pathogen. In the northern hemisphere, NTVC infections have been reported to increase due to global warming. In Eastern Europe, climatic and geological conditions favour the existence of inland water-bodies harbouring NTVC. We thus investigated the occurrence of NTVC in nine Serbian natural and artificial lakes and ponds, many of them used for fishing and bathing. With the exception of one highly saline lake, all investigated water-bodies harboured NTVC, ranging from 5.4 × 101 to 1.86 × 104 CFU and 4.5 × 102 to 5.6 × 106 genomic units per 100 ml. The maximum values observed were in the range of bathing waters in other countries, where infections have been reported. Interestingly, 7 out of 39 fully sequenced presumptive V. cholerae isolates were assigned as V. paracholerae, a recently described sister species of V. cholerae. Some clones and sublineages of both V. cholerae and V. paracholerae were shared by different environments indicating an exchange of strains over long distances. Important pathogenicity factors such as hlyA, toxR, and ompU were present in both species. Seasonal monitoring of ponds/lakes used for recreation in Serbia is thus recommended to be prepared for potential occurrence of infections promoted by climate change-induced rise in water temperatures.
PB  - Hoboken: Wiley
T2  - Environmental Microbiology Reports
T1  - First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae
DO  - 10.1111/1758-2229.13136
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Rehm, Carmen and Lippert, Kathrin and Indra, Alexander and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Leopold, Melanie and Steinbacher, Sophia and Schachner, Iris and Campostrini, Lena and Risslegger, Alexandra and Farnleitner, Andreas H. and Kolm, Claudia and Kirschner, Alexander K T",
year = "2023",
abstract = "Vibrio cholerae are natural inhabitants of specific aquatic environments. Strains not belonging to serogroups O1 and O139 are usually unable to produce cholera toxin and cause cholera. However, non-toxigenic V. cholerae (NTVC) are able to cause a variety of mild-to-severe human infections (via seafood consumption or recreational activities). The number of unreported cases is considered substantial, as NTVC infections are not notifiable and physicians are mostly unaware of this pathogen. In the northern hemisphere, NTVC infections have been reported to increase due to global warming. In Eastern Europe, climatic and geological conditions favour the existence of inland water-bodies harbouring NTVC. We thus investigated the occurrence of NTVC in nine Serbian natural and artificial lakes and ponds, many of them used for fishing and bathing. With the exception of one highly saline lake, all investigated water-bodies harboured NTVC, ranging from 5.4 × 101 to 1.86 × 104 CFU and 4.5 × 102 to 5.6 × 106 genomic units per 100 ml. The maximum values observed were in the range of bathing waters in other countries, where infections have been reported. Interestingly, 7 out of 39 fully sequenced presumptive V. cholerae isolates were assigned as V. paracholerae, a recently described sister species of V. cholerae. Some clones and sublineages of both V. cholerae and V. paracholerae were shared by different environments indicating an exchange of strains over long distances. Important pathogenicity factors such as hlyA, toxR, and ompU were present in both species. Seasonal monitoring of ponds/lakes used for recreation in Serbia is thus recommended to be prepared for potential occurrence of infections promoted by climate change-induced rise in water temperatures.",
publisher = "Hoboken: Wiley",
journal = "Environmental Microbiology Reports",
title = "First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae",
doi = "10.1111/1758-2229.13136"
}

Rehm, C., Lippert, K., Indra, A., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Leopold, M., Steinbacher, S., Schachner, I., Campostrini, L., Risslegger, A., Farnleitner, A. H., Kolm, C.,& Kirschner, A. K. T.. (2023). First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae. in Environmental Microbiology Reports
Hoboken: Wiley..
https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13136

Rehm C, Lippert K, Indra A, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Leopold M, Steinbacher S, Schachner I, Campostrini L, Risslegger A, Farnleitner AH, Kolm C, Kirschner AKT. First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae. in Environmental Microbiology Reports. 2023;.
doi:10.1111/1758-2229.13136 .

Rehm, Carmen, Lippert, Kathrin, Indra, Alexander, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Leopold, Melanie, Steinbacher, Sophia, Schachner, Iris, Campostrini, Lena, Risslegger, Alexandra, Farnleitner, Andreas H., Kolm, Claudia, Kirschner, Alexander K T, "First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae" in Environmental Microbiology Reports (2023),
https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13136 . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Koller, Michael
AU  - Nürnberger, Julia
AU  - Hack, Kerstin
AU  - Dielacher, Irina
AU  - Wachter, Julian
AU  - Hoffer, Benjamin
AU  - Kohlmaier, Sophie
AU  - Hagendorfer, Christin
AU  - Kapic, Medina
AU  - Julia, Gütl
AU  - Arsenijevic, Polina
AU  - Schachner, Iris
AU  - Jakwerth, Stefan
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Tóth, Erika
AU  - Savio, Domenico
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas H.
AU  - Kittinger, Clemens
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander K.T.
AU  - Zarfel, Gernot
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6231
AB  - Human induced antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) are not only found in clinical surroundings: large rivers are of great concern as regards their spreading. This ongoing study´s aim is to analyse the major propagation pathways and sources of ARB in the Danube, and to compare the results with data obtained in 2013. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated during the 4th Joint Danube Survey were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility. 23.2% of 1635 E. coli were resistant and 11.7% were multiresistant. There was a significant increase in resistances to augmentin, moxifloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam and a significant decrease regarding tetracycline. 23 expressed an extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase phenotype. 15.87 % of 630 Klebsiella spp. were resistant and 0.95% were multiresistant. Resistances
to moxifloxacin and augmentin were the most common resistances detected.
Two isolates showed an ESBL-phenotype, and two isolates were resistant to the last line antibiotic tigecycline. In comparison the data of 2013 and 2019 show a similar proportion for multiresistant E. coli, but regarding resistances to some single antibiotics significant changes were determined. In contrast, the Klebsiella isolates showed a very similar distribution of resistances. Despite, 30% of non-wild type resistant E. coli in the environment is a very high number when compared to clinical settings with approximately 50%. However, the relevance of these findings concerning human health and the environment is yet unclear as there is only a very limited number of studies for comparison and studies on the significance of pathways from the river back to humans are largely missing.
PB  - Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology
C3  - Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Monitoring non-wild type antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison
SP  - 64
EP  - 65
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6231
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Koller, Michael and Nürnberger, Julia and Hack, Kerstin and Dielacher, Irina and Wachter, Julian and Hoffer, Benjamin and Kohlmaier, Sophie and Hagendorfer, Christin and Kapic, Medina and Julia, Gütl and Arsenijevic, Polina and Schachner, Iris and Jakwerth, Stefan and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Tóth, Erika and Savio, Domenico and Farnleitner, Andreas H. and Kittinger, Clemens and Kirschner, Alexander K.T. and Zarfel, Gernot",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Human induced antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) are not only found in clinical surroundings: large rivers are of great concern as regards their spreading. This ongoing study´s aim is to analyse the major propagation pathways and sources of ARB in the Danube, and to compare the results with data obtained in 2013. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated during the 4th Joint Danube Survey were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility. 23.2% of 1635 E. coli were resistant and 11.7% were multiresistant. There was a significant increase in resistances to augmentin, moxifloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam and a significant decrease regarding tetracycline. 23 expressed an extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase phenotype. 15.87 % of 630 Klebsiella spp. were resistant and 0.95% were multiresistant. Resistances
to moxifloxacin and augmentin were the most common resistances detected.
Two isolates showed an ESBL-phenotype, and two isolates were resistant to the last line antibiotic tigecycline. In comparison the data of 2013 and 2019 show a similar proportion for multiresistant E. coli, but regarding resistances to some single antibiotics significant changes were determined. In contrast, the Klebsiella isolates showed a very similar distribution of resistances. Despite, 30% of non-wild type resistant E. coli in the environment is a very high number when compared to clinical settings with approximately 50%. However, the relevance of these findings concerning human health and the environment is yet unclear as there is only a very limited number of studies for comparison and studies on the significance of pathways from the river back to humans are largely missing.",
publisher = "Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology",
journal = "Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Monitoring non-wild type antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison",
pages = "64-65",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6231"
}

Koller, M., Nürnberger, J., Hack, K., Dielacher, I., Wachter, J., Hoffer, B., Kohlmaier, S., Hagendorfer, C., Kapic, M., Julia, G., Arsenijevic, P., Schachner, I., Jakwerth, S., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Tóth, E., Savio, D., Farnleitner, A. H., Kittinger, C., Kirschner, A. K.T.,& Zarfel, G.. (2022). Monitoring non-wild type antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison. in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia
Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology., 64-65.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6231

Koller M, Nürnberger J, Hack K, Dielacher I, Wachter J, Hoffer B, Kohlmaier S, Hagendorfer C, Kapic M, Julia G, Arsenijevic P, Schachner I, Jakwerth S, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Tóth E, Savio D, Farnleitner AH, Kittinger C, Kirschner AK, Zarfel G. Monitoring non-wild type antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison. in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia. 2022;:64-65.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6231 .

Koller, Michael, Nürnberger, Julia, Hack, Kerstin, Dielacher, Irina, Wachter, Julian, Hoffer, Benjamin, Kohlmaier, Sophie, Hagendorfer, Christin, Kapic, Medina, Julia, Gütl, Arsenijevic, Polina, Schachner, Iris, Jakwerth, Stefan, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Tóth, Erika, Savio, Domenico, Farnleitner, Andreas H., Kittinger, Clemens, Kirschner, Alexander K.T., Zarfel, Gernot, "Monitoring non-wild type antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison" in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia (2022):64-65,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6231 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander K.T.
AU  - Schachner, Iris
AU  - Jakwerth, Stefan
AU  - Zarfel, Gernot
AU  - Koller, Michael
AU  - Kittinger, Clemens
AU  - Tóth, Erika
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Blaschke, Alfred Paul
AU  - Derx, Julia
AU  - Linke, Rita
AU  - Demeter, Katalin
AU  - Reischer, Georg
AU  - Savio, Domenico
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas H.
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6232
AB  - Sustainable and target-oriented microbiological water quality management of rivers needs information on
whole river systems, especially if catchments are large and international. The microbiological water quality
of rivers is of uttermost relevance for human health as river water is used for several purposes (recreation,
drinking water production, irrigation). Besides information on faecal pollution levels, the origin of faecal
pollution and the assessment of associated infection- and health risks, e g. from antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) are of increasing importance. This contribution summarizes the concepts and main results from the Joint-Danube-Surveys (JDS) and discusses future challenges and perspectives (pollution-scenario modelling, infection-risk assessment) for the Danube River concerning its faecal and AMR pollution status.
Between 2001 and 2019, the whole Danube was sampled four times during the JDS. Beside standard faecal indicator analysis, cutting-edge molecular detection concepts were applied, including microbial source tracking (MST) markers by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and high-throughput amplicon-sequencing of bacterial communities. For AMR-profiling, clinically relevant bacterial species were isolated and tested for resistances and resistance genes were determined via qPCR.
With this, we could impressively demonstrate that the JDS create the required multi-national “big picture”
of the microbiological pollution status of large rivers. Harmonised trans-border microbiological water quality aps for the whole navigable Danube were established. MST marker analysis elucidated that the main faecal pollution source along the whole river is human wastewater. Combined analysis of faecal indicators, MST and AMR-profiles provided a solid basis for assessing the potential health impacts of AMR associated with faecal pollution.
PB  - Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology
C3  - Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Faecal pollution and antibiotic resistance in the Danube River: Vision, Concepts and Lessons learned from Joint Danube Surveys
SP  - 144
EP  - 145
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6232
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Kirschner, Alexander K.T. and Schachner, Iris and Jakwerth, Stefan and Zarfel, Gernot and Koller, Michael and Kittinger, Clemens and Tóth, Erika and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Blaschke, Alfred Paul and Derx, Julia and Linke, Rita and Demeter, Katalin and Reischer, Georg and Savio, Domenico and Farnleitner, Andreas H.",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Sustainable and target-oriented microbiological water quality management of rivers needs information on
whole river systems, especially if catchments are large and international. The microbiological water quality
of rivers is of uttermost relevance for human health as river water is used for several purposes (recreation,
drinking water production, irrigation). Besides information on faecal pollution levels, the origin of faecal
pollution and the assessment of associated infection- and health risks, e g. from antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) are of increasing importance. This contribution summarizes the concepts and main results from the Joint-Danube-Surveys (JDS) and discusses future challenges and perspectives (pollution-scenario modelling, infection-risk assessment) for the Danube River concerning its faecal and AMR pollution status.
Between 2001 and 2019, the whole Danube was sampled four times during the JDS. Beside standard faecal indicator analysis, cutting-edge molecular detection concepts were applied, including microbial source tracking (MST) markers by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and high-throughput amplicon-sequencing of bacterial communities. For AMR-profiling, clinically relevant bacterial species were isolated and tested for resistances and resistance genes were determined via qPCR.
With this, we could impressively demonstrate that the JDS create the required multi-national “big picture”
of the microbiological pollution status of large rivers. Harmonised trans-border microbiological water quality aps for the whole navigable Danube were established. MST marker analysis elucidated that the main faecal pollution source along the whole river is human wastewater. Combined analysis of faecal indicators, MST and AMR-profiles provided a solid basis for assessing the potential health impacts of AMR associated with faecal pollution.",
publisher = "Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology",
journal = "Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Faecal pollution and antibiotic resistance in the Danube River: Vision, Concepts and Lessons learned from Joint Danube Surveys",
pages = "144-145",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6232"
}

Kirschner, A. K.T., Schachner, I., Jakwerth, S., Zarfel, G., Koller, M., Kittinger, C., Tóth, E., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Blaschke, A. P., Derx, J., Linke, R., Demeter, K., Reischer, G., Savio, D.,& Farnleitner, A. H.. (2022). Faecal pollution and antibiotic resistance in the Danube River: Vision, Concepts and Lessons learned from Joint Danube Surveys. in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia
Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology., 144-145.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6232

Kirschner AK, Schachner I, Jakwerth S, Zarfel G, Koller M, Kittinger C, Tóth E, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Blaschke AP, Derx J, Linke R, Demeter K, Reischer G, Savio D, Farnleitner AH. Faecal pollution and antibiotic resistance in the Danube River: Vision, Concepts and Lessons learned from Joint Danube Surveys. in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia. 2022;:144-145.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6232 .

Kirschner, Alexander K.T., Schachner, Iris, Jakwerth, Stefan, Zarfel, Gernot, Koller, Michael, Kittinger, Clemens, Tóth, Erika, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Blaschke, Alfred Paul, Derx, Julia, Linke, Rita, Demeter, Katalin, Reischer, Georg, Savio, Domenico, Farnleitner, Andreas H., "Faecal pollution and antibiotic resistance in the Danube River: Vision, Concepts and Lessons learned from Joint Danube Surveys" in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia (2022):144-145,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6232 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Micsinai, Adrienn
AU  - Szántó-Egész, Réka
AU  - Lukács, Alena
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Đorđević, Ana
AU  - Jovanović Marić, Jovana
AU  - Vojnović-Milutinović, Danijela
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander K.T.
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas H.
AU  - Linke, Rita
AU  - Đukić, Aleksandar
AU  - Kostić, Jovana
AU  - Sunjog, Karolina
AU  - Paunović, Momir
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6235
AB  - BACKGROUND
Prokaryotic assays are of great interest in eco/geno-toxicology as they are short-term, simple and cost effective. Application of strains of Salmonella typhimurium with modifications such as increased cell wall permeability and lack of excision repair system is common for the detection of genotoxicity. Various eukaryotic models have been developed lately, such as fish derived cell lines, which can mimic the response of the aquatic organisms. Considering different level of cell organization among these models, difference in sensitivity is expected, yet only few studies address this topic.
OBJECTIVES
The major objective was to investigate genotoxic potential of extracts of surface water of the Danube
and to compare the results obtained in applied prokaryotic and eukaryotic models.
METHODS
Surface water samples from 24 sites along the Danube River were extracted by LVSPE Horizon sampler providing relative enrichment factor (REF) of the extracts of 25,000x. For representative prokaryotic model the SOS/umuC assay with S. typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 was used. Eukaryotic model comprised assessment of cytotoxicity by MTS test and assessment of genotoxicity by comet assay in ZFL (ZebraFish Liver) cells.
RESULTS
While none of the tested samples has induced SOS response, the result of MTS assay indicated that 11 of 24 samples were cytotoxic. In comet assay, genotoxic potential was found in 9 of 24 samples. Results indicated higher sensitivity of used eukaryotic model in comparison with prokaryotic. Applied prokaryotic assay is often suggested to be used as prescreening tool in diagnostics of genotoxic potential which by our opinion could be misleading.
PB  - Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology
C3  - Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Wastewater based epidemiology in countries with poor wastewater treatment - SARS-CoV-2 RNA in surface waters
SP  - 614
EP  - 615
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6235
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Kolarević, Stoimir and Micsinai, Adrienn and Szántó-Egész, Réka and Lukács, Alena and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Đorđević, Ana and Jovanović Marić, Jovana and Vojnović-Milutinović, Danijela and Kirschner, Alexander K.T. and Farnleitner, Andreas H. and Linke, Rita and Đukić, Aleksandar and Kostić, Jovana and Sunjog, Karolina and Paunović, Momir",
year = "2022",
abstract = "BACKGROUND
Prokaryotic assays are of great interest in eco/geno-toxicology as they are short-term, simple and cost effective. Application of strains of Salmonella typhimurium with modifications such as increased cell wall permeability and lack of excision repair system is common for the detection of genotoxicity. Various eukaryotic models have been developed lately, such as fish derived cell lines, which can mimic the response of the aquatic organisms. Considering different level of cell organization among these models, difference in sensitivity is expected, yet only few studies address this topic.
OBJECTIVES
The major objective was to investigate genotoxic potential of extracts of surface water of the Danube
and to compare the results obtained in applied prokaryotic and eukaryotic models.
METHODS
Surface water samples from 24 sites along the Danube River were extracted by LVSPE Horizon sampler providing relative enrichment factor (REF) of the extracts of 25,000x. For representative prokaryotic model the SOS/umuC assay with S. typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 was used. Eukaryotic model comprised assessment of cytotoxicity by MTS test and assessment of genotoxicity by comet assay in ZFL (ZebraFish Liver) cells.
RESULTS
While none of the tested samples has induced SOS response, the result of MTS assay indicated that 11 of 24 samples were cytotoxic. In comet assay, genotoxic potential was found in 9 of 24 samples. Results indicated higher sensitivity of used eukaryotic model in comparison with prokaryotic. Applied prokaryotic assay is often suggested to be used as prescreening tool in diagnostics of genotoxic potential which by our opinion could be misleading.",
publisher = "Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology",
journal = "Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Wastewater based epidemiology in countries with poor wastewater treatment - SARS-CoV-2 RNA in surface waters",
pages = "614-615",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6235"
}

Kolarević, S., Micsinai, A., Szántó-Egész, R., Lukács, A., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Đorđević, A., Jovanović Marić, J., Vojnović-Milutinović, D., Kirschner, A. K.T., Farnleitner, A. H., Linke, R., Đukić, A., Kostić, J., Sunjog, K.,& Paunović, M.. (2022). Wastewater based epidemiology in countries with poor wastewater treatment - SARS-CoV-2 RNA in surface waters. in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia
Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology., 614-615.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6235

Kolarević S, Micsinai A, Szántó-Egész R, Lukács A, Kračun-Kolarević M, Đorđević A, Jovanović Marić J, Vojnović-Milutinović D, Kirschner AK, Farnleitner AH, Linke R, Đukić A, Kostić J, Sunjog K, Paunović M. Wastewater based epidemiology in countries with poor wastewater treatment - SARS-CoV-2 RNA in surface waters. in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia. 2022;:614-615.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6235 .

Kolarević, Stoimir, Micsinai, Adrienn, Szántó-Egész, Réka, Lukács, Alena, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Đorđević, Ana, Jovanović Marić, Jovana, Vojnović-Milutinović, Danijela, Kirschner, Alexander K.T., Farnleitner, Andreas H., Linke, Rita, Đukić, Aleksandar, Kostić, Jovana, Sunjog, Karolina, Paunović, Momir, "Wastewater based epidemiology in countries with poor wastewater treatment - SARS-CoV-2 RNA in surface waters" in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia (2022):614-615,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6235 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Schachner, Iris
AU  - Kolm, Claudia
AU  - Vierheilig, Julia
AU  - Savio, Domenico
AU  - Zarfel, Gernot
AU  - Koller, Michael
AU  - Kittinger, Clemens
AU  - Jakwerth, Stefan
AU  - Linke, Rita
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Tóth, Erika
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas H.
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander K.T.
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6230
AB  - Human-induced antimicrobial resistance is an emerging concern in aquatic environments. Faecal pollution
sources represent potential propagation pathways, however large-scale quantitative studies in whole river
systems are missing. In the course of the Joint Danube Survey, the Danube River was investigated for the
fourth time in summer 2019 from its headwaters to the delta. Microbial-faecal pollution patterns and the
occurrence of selected antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were studied. Subsequently, a one-year time series analysis at selected relevant sites allowed to assess temporal variability.
The intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli was quantified according to standard cultivation methods as indicator for total faecal pollution. In general, longitudinal patterns of faecal pollution showed a comparable picture to previous Joint Danube Surveys, with low to moderate pollution in the upper reaches (Germany, Austria) and critical to strong pollution in the middle and lower sections, especially in Serbia. Genetic microbial source tracking methods, determined via quantitative PCR, allowed us to define human faecal pollution as dominant pollution source along the whole Danube. This trend could be generally confirmed during the annual sampling campaign. To estimate the potential of permanent colonialization of faecal microorganisms within the Danube River ecosystem, biofilms as potential reservoirs were studied along the course of the entire river. Here, E.coli were ubiquitously present but highly variable. Ongoing analyses on the occurrence and quantity of selected ARGs will identify hotspots of antimicrobial resistance and their relationship to faecal pollution along the Danube River and thereby contribute to guide future monitoring and management strategies.
PB  - Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology
C3  - Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Faecal pollution as potential driver of antibiotic resistance genes in the Danube River
SP  - 137
EP  - 138
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6230
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Schachner, Iris and Kolm, Claudia and Vierheilig, Julia and Savio, Domenico and Zarfel, Gernot and Koller, Michael and Kittinger, Clemens and Jakwerth, Stefan and Linke, Rita and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Tóth, Erika and Farnleitner, Andreas H. and Kirschner, Alexander K.T.",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Human-induced antimicrobial resistance is an emerging concern in aquatic environments. Faecal pollution
sources represent potential propagation pathways, however large-scale quantitative studies in whole river
systems are missing. In the course of the Joint Danube Survey, the Danube River was investigated for the
fourth time in summer 2019 from its headwaters to the delta. Microbial-faecal pollution patterns and the
occurrence of selected antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were studied. Subsequently, a one-year time series analysis at selected relevant sites allowed to assess temporal variability.
The intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli was quantified according to standard cultivation methods as indicator for total faecal pollution. In general, longitudinal patterns of faecal pollution showed a comparable picture to previous Joint Danube Surveys, with low to moderate pollution in the upper reaches (Germany, Austria) and critical to strong pollution in the middle and lower sections, especially in Serbia. Genetic microbial source tracking methods, determined via quantitative PCR, allowed us to define human faecal pollution as dominant pollution source along the whole Danube. This trend could be generally confirmed during the annual sampling campaign. To estimate the potential of permanent colonialization of faecal microorganisms within the Danube River ecosystem, biofilms as potential reservoirs were studied along the course of the entire river. Here, E.coli were ubiquitously present but highly variable. Ongoing analyses on the occurrence and quantity of selected ARGs will identify hotspots of antimicrobial resistance and their relationship to faecal pollution along the Danube River and thereby contribute to guide future monitoring and management strategies.",
publisher = "Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology",
journal = "Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Faecal pollution as potential driver of antibiotic resistance genes in the Danube River",
pages = "137-138",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6230"
}

Schachner, I., Kolm, C., Vierheilig, J., Savio, D., Zarfel, G., Koller, M., Kittinger, C., Jakwerth, S., Linke, R., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Tóth, E., Farnleitner, A. H.,& Kirschner, A. K.T.. (2022). Faecal pollution as potential driver of antibiotic resistance genes in the Danube River. in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia
Belgrade: Serbian Society of Microbiology., 137-138.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6230

Schachner I, Kolm C, Vierheilig J, Savio D, Zarfel G, Koller M, Kittinger C, Jakwerth S, Linke R, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Tóth E, Farnleitner AH, Kirschner AK. Faecal pollution as potential driver of antibiotic resistance genes in the Danube River. in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia. 2022;:137-138.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6230 .

Schachner, Iris, Kolm, Claudia, Vierheilig, Julia, Savio, Domenico, Zarfel, Gernot, Koller, Michael, Kittinger, Clemens, Jakwerth, Stefan, Linke, Rita, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Tóth, Erika, Farnleitner, Andreas H., Kirschner, Alexander K.T., "Faecal pollution as potential driver of antibiotic resistance genes in the Danube River" in Electronic abstract book: FEMS Conference on Microbiology in association with Serbian Society of Microbiology; 2022 Jun 30 - Jul 2; Belgrade, Serbia (2022):137-138,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_6230 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander K.T.
AU  - Kittinger, Clemens
AU  - Schachner, Iris
AU  - Jakwerth, Stefan
AU  - Koller, Michael
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Toumi, Marwene
AU  - Farkas, Rosza
AU  - Tóth, Erika
AU  - Kandler, W
AU  - Sulyok, M
AU  - Savio, Domenico
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas H.
AU  - Zarfel, Gernot
PY  - 2021
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4731
AB  - The problem of human-induced antimicrobial resistance (acquired due to human activities) is an
emerging concern in aquatic environments. The isolation of (facultative) pathogenic organisms with
acquired antibiotic resistance, even concerning last-line antibiotics, from rivers and lakes, is well
documented throughout the world. In the last few years, there has been a rapid increase in the number
of studies addressing these topics and their possible implications for human health. However, most
studies concentrate on a relatively limited methodology, e.g. applying non-quantitative and either
cultivation-based or direct-detection based molecular biological methods. In addition, often only small
geographic areas and short periods of time are covered. This is one of the reasons why many relevant
questions concerning the occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in aquatic ecosystems still
remain unanswered.
The largest European river water survey (Joint Danube Survey 4) offered a unique opportunity to study
the occurrence and spread of human-induced antimicrobial resistance along the whole Danube River.
Within the research project, isolates from samples from the entire course of the Danube and their
main tributaries, including high frequency sampling at selected locations, have been collected and
analysed. Samples from the water compartment but also from submerged biofilms have been
considered. State-of-the-art quantitative molecular biological techniques and culture-based analyses
targeting different bacterial organisms have been combined with a large set of physical, chemical and
biological parameters to obtain a robust and comprehensive picture of the occurrence and spread of
human-induced antimicrobial resistance in the Danube River.
Based on the findings of this quantitative, integrative study approach, it seems likely to significantly
improve the current understanding on the importance on the spread and stabilization of human -
induced antibiotic resistance in large rivers. The results of this study will also be useful to guide future
monitoring and management strategies.
PB  - Neuburg:  Aueninstitut Neuburg
C3  - 43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin
T1  - Occurrence and spread of human- induced antimicrobial resistance in a large river water system: developing a holistic picture based on the Joint Danube Survey 4 activities
SP  - 20
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4731
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Kirschner, Alexander K.T. and Kittinger, Clemens and Schachner, Iris and Jakwerth, Stefan and Koller, Michael and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Toumi, Marwene and Farkas, Rosza and Tóth, Erika and Kandler, W and Sulyok, M and Savio, Domenico and Farnleitner, Andreas H. and Zarfel, Gernot",
year = "2021",
abstract = "The problem of human-induced antimicrobial resistance (acquired due to human activities) is an
emerging concern in aquatic environments. The isolation of (facultative) pathogenic organisms with
acquired antibiotic resistance, even concerning last-line antibiotics, from rivers and lakes, is well
documented throughout the world. In the last few years, there has been a rapid increase in the number
of studies addressing these topics and their possible implications for human health. However, most
studies concentrate on a relatively limited methodology, e.g. applying non-quantitative and either
cultivation-based or direct-detection based molecular biological methods. In addition, often only small
geographic areas and short periods of time are covered. This is one of the reasons why many relevant
questions concerning the occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in aquatic ecosystems still
remain unanswered.
The largest European river water survey (Joint Danube Survey 4) offered a unique opportunity to study
the occurrence and spread of human-induced antimicrobial resistance along the whole Danube River.
Within the research project, isolates from samples from the entire course of the Danube and their
main tributaries, including high frequency sampling at selected locations, have been collected and
analysed. Samples from the water compartment but also from submerged biofilms have been
considered. State-of-the-art quantitative molecular biological techniques and culture-based analyses
targeting different bacterial organisms have been combined with a large set of physical, chemical and
biological parameters to obtain a robust and comprehensive picture of the occurrence and spread of
human-induced antimicrobial resistance in the Danube River.
Based on the findings of this quantitative, integrative study approach, it seems likely to significantly
improve the current understanding on the importance on the spread and stabilization of human -
induced antibiotic resistance in large rivers. The results of this study will also be useful to guide future
monitoring and management strategies.",
publisher = "Neuburg:  Aueninstitut Neuburg",
journal = "43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin",
title = "Occurrence and spread of human- induced antimicrobial resistance in a large river water system: developing a holistic picture based on the Joint Danube Survey 4 activities",
pages = "20",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4731"
}

Kirschner, A. K.T., Kittinger, C., Schachner, I., Jakwerth, S., Koller, M., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Toumi, M., Farkas, R., Tóth, E., Kandler, W., Sulyok, M., Savio, D., Farnleitner, A. H.,& Zarfel, G.. (2021). Occurrence and spread of human- induced antimicrobial resistance in a large river water system: developing a holistic picture based on the Joint Danube Survey 4 activities. in 43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin
Neuburg:  Aueninstitut Neuburg., 20.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4731

Kirschner AK, Kittinger C, Schachner I, Jakwerth S, Koller M, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Toumi M, Farkas R, Tóth E, Kandler W, Sulyok M, Savio D, Farnleitner AH, Zarfel G. Occurrence and spread of human- induced antimicrobial resistance in a large river water system: developing a holistic picture based on the Joint Danube Survey 4 activities. in 43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin. 2021;:20.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4731 .

Kirschner, Alexander K.T., Kittinger, Clemens, Schachner, Iris, Jakwerth, Stefan, Koller, Michael, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Toumi, Marwene, Farkas, Rosza, Tóth, Erika, Kandler, W, Sulyok, M, Savio, Domenico, Farnleitner, Andreas H., Zarfel, Gernot, "Occurrence and spread of human- induced antimicrobial resistance in a large river water system: developing a holistic picture based on the Joint Danube Survey 4 activities" in 43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin (2021):20,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4731 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Micsinai, Adrienn
AU  - Szántó-Egész, Réka
AU  - Lukács, Alena
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Lundy, Lian
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander K.T.
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas H.
AU  - Đukić, Aleksandar
AU  - Čolić, Jasna
AU  - Nenin, Tanja
AU  - Sunjog, Karolina
AU  - Paunović, Momir
PY  - 2021
UR  - https://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4214
AB  - In Serbia less than 13% of collected municipal wastewaters is being treated before their release in the environment. This includes all municipal wastewater discharges from Belgrade (capital city of Serbia; population 1,700,000). Previous research has identified the impacts of raw wastewater discharges from Belgrade on the Danube River, and this study investigated if such discharges also provided a pathway for SARS-CoV-2 RNA material. Samples were collected during the most critical circumstances that occurred so far within the COVID-19 pandemics in Serbia. Grab and composite samples were collected in December 2020, during the peak of the third wave (in terms of reported cases) at the site which receives the wastewater loads in Belgrade. Grab samples collected upstream and downstream of Belgrade were also analyzed. RNA was quantified using RT-qPCR with primer sets targeting nucleocapsid (N1 and N2) and envelope (E) protein genes. SARS-CoV-2 RNA (5.97 × 103 to 1.32 × 104 copies/L) was detected only in samples collected at the site strongly impacted by the wastewaters where all three applied primer sets gave positive signals. Determined concentrations correspond to those reported in wastewater influents sampled at treatment plants in other countries indicating an epidemiological indicator function of used approach for rivers with high pollution loads in countries with poor wastewater treatment.
PB  - Elsevier BV
T2  - Science of The Total Environment
T2  - Science of The Total Environment
T1  - Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Danube River in Serbia associated with the discharge of untreated wastewaters
VL  - 783
DO  - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146967
SP  - 146967
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Kolarević, Stoimir and Micsinai, Adrienn and Szántó-Egész, Réka and Lukács, Alena and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Lundy, Lian and Kirschner, Alexander K.T. and Farnleitner, Andreas H. and Đukić, Aleksandar and Čolić, Jasna and Nenin, Tanja and Sunjog, Karolina and Paunović, Momir",
year = "2021",
abstract = "In Serbia less than 13% of collected municipal wastewaters is being treated before their release in the environment. This includes all municipal wastewater discharges from Belgrade (capital city of Serbia; population 1,700,000). Previous research has identified the impacts of raw wastewater discharges from Belgrade on the Danube River, and this study investigated if such discharges also provided a pathway for SARS-CoV-2 RNA material. Samples were collected during the most critical circumstances that occurred so far within the COVID-19 pandemics in Serbia. Grab and composite samples were collected in December 2020, during the peak of the third wave (in terms of reported cases) at the site which receives the wastewater loads in Belgrade. Grab samples collected upstream and downstream of Belgrade were also analyzed. RNA was quantified using RT-qPCR with primer sets targeting nucleocapsid (N1 and N2) and envelope (E) protein genes. SARS-CoV-2 RNA (5.97 × 103 to 1.32 × 104 copies/L) was detected only in samples collected at the site strongly impacted by the wastewaters where all three applied primer sets gave positive signals. Determined concentrations correspond to those reported in wastewater influents sampled at treatment plants in other countries indicating an epidemiological indicator function of used approach for rivers with high pollution loads in countries with poor wastewater treatment.",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
journal = "Science of The Total Environment, Science of The Total Environment",
title = "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Danube River in Serbia associated with the discharge of untreated wastewaters",
volume = "783",
doi = "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146967",
pages = "146967"
}

Kolarević, S., Micsinai, A., Szántó-Egész, R., Lukács, A., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Lundy, L., Kirschner, A. K.T., Farnleitner, A. H., Đukić, A., Čolić, J., Nenin, T., Sunjog, K.,& Paunović, M.. (2021). Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Danube River in Serbia associated with the discharge of untreated wastewaters. in Science of The Total Environment
Elsevier BV., 783, 146967.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146967

Kolarević S, Micsinai A, Szántó-Egész R, Lukács A, Kračun-Kolarević M, Lundy L, Kirschner AK, Farnleitner AH, Đukić A, Čolić J, Nenin T, Sunjog K, Paunović M. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Danube River in Serbia associated with the discharge of untreated wastewaters. in Science of The Total Environment. 2021;783:146967.
doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146967 .

Kolarević, Stoimir, Micsinai, Adrienn, Szántó-Egész, Réka, Lukács, Alena, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Lundy, Lian, Kirschner, Alexander K.T., Farnleitner, Andreas H., Đukić, Aleksandar, Čolić, Jasna, Nenin, Tanja, Sunjog, Karolina, Paunović, Momir, "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Danube River in Serbia associated with the discharge of untreated wastewaters" in Science of The Total Environment, 783 (2021):146967,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146967 . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Koller, Michael
AU  - Hack, Kerstin
AU  - Dielacher, Irina
AU  - Wachter, Julian
AU  - Schachner, Iris
AU  - Jakwerth, Stefan
AU  - Kolarević, Stoimir
AU  - Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta
AU  - Tóth, Erika
AU  - Savio, Domenico
AU  - Farnleitner, Andreas H.
AU  - Kittinger, Clemens
AU  - Kirschner, Alexander K.T.
AU  - Zarfel, Gernot
PY  - 2021
UR  - http://radar.ibiss.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4730
AB  - Introduction
The emerging occurrence of human induced antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) is not only limited to
clinical surroundings: they can also be found in the human population, animals and the water
environment. Large rivers are of great concern as regards the spreading of ARB. Thus, this ongoing
study ́s aim is to analyze the major propagation pathways and sources of ARB in the Danube, and to
do a six-year-comparison with data obtained in 2013.
Study design and methods
Within the frame of the 4th Joint Danube Survey (JDS) of the International Commission for the
Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR), water samples were taken at 36 sampling points along the
whole Danube. Escherichia coli as clinically relevant organisms were isolated and tested for their
susceptibility to 20 different antibiotics.
Results
1298 E. coli isolates have been tested so far. 11.33 % of them were multiresistant and 23.19 % were
resistant to one or two classes of antibiotics. The preliminary data show a very similar pattern
compared to the data obtained in 2013 (629 isolates) when 9.70 % of the isolates were multiresistant
and 29.09 % were resistant to one or two classes of antibiotics. Most of the resistances are still to
ampicillin and tetracycline. There are no resistances to carbapenems, colistin, amikacin and tigecycline.
But there is a significant increase in resistances to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, moxifloxacin and
piperacillin with tazobactam and a significant decrease regarding tetracycline. 21 isolates are
confirmed ESBL-producers while in 2013 there were four.
Discussion
In comparison the data of 2013 and 2019 show a similar pattern regarding multiresistance. Regarding
resistances to single antibiotics significant changes could be determined. However, there are still many
of the isolates to be tested until the final analysis.
PB  - Neuburg:  Aueninstitut Neuburg
C3  - 43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin
T1  - Non-wild type antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison
SP  - 30
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4730
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Koller, Michael and Hack, Kerstin and Dielacher, Irina and Wachter, Julian and Schachner, Iris and Jakwerth, Stefan and Kolarević, Stoimir and Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta and Tóth, Erika and Savio, Domenico and Farnleitner, Andreas H. and Kittinger, Clemens and Kirschner, Alexander K.T. and Zarfel, Gernot",
year = "2021",
abstract = "Introduction
The emerging occurrence of human induced antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) is not only limited to
clinical surroundings: they can also be found in the human population, animals and the water
environment. Large rivers are of great concern as regards the spreading of ARB. Thus, this ongoing
study ́s aim is to analyze the major propagation pathways and sources of ARB in the Danube, and to
do a six-year-comparison with data obtained in 2013.
Study design and methods
Within the frame of the 4th Joint Danube Survey (JDS) of the International Commission for the
Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR), water samples were taken at 36 sampling points along the
whole Danube. Escherichia coli as clinically relevant organisms were isolated and tested for their
susceptibility to 20 different antibiotics.
Results
1298 E. coli isolates have been tested so far. 11.33 % of them were multiresistant and 23.19 % were
resistant to one or two classes of antibiotics. The preliminary data show a very similar pattern
compared to the data obtained in 2013 (629 isolates) when 9.70 % of the isolates were multiresistant
and 29.09 % were resistant to one or two classes of antibiotics. Most of the resistances are still to
ampicillin and tetracycline. There are no resistances to carbapenems, colistin, amikacin and tigecycline.
But there is a significant increase in resistances to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, moxifloxacin and
piperacillin with tazobactam and a significant decrease regarding tetracycline. 21 isolates are
confirmed ESBL-producers while in 2013 there were four.
Discussion
In comparison the data of 2013 and 2019 show a similar pattern regarding multiresistance. Regarding
resistances to single antibiotics significant changes could be determined. However, there are still many
of the isolates to be tested until the final analysis.",
publisher = "Neuburg:  Aueninstitut Neuburg",
journal = "43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin",
title = "Non-wild type antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison",
pages = "30",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4730"
}

Koller, M., Hack, K., Dielacher, I., Wachter, J., Schachner, I., Jakwerth, S., Kolarević, S., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Tóth, E., Savio, D., Farnleitner, A. H., Kittinger, C., Kirschner, A. K.T.,& Zarfel, G.. (2021). Non-wild type antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison. in 43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin
Neuburg:  Aueninstitut Neuburg., 30.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4730

Koller M, Hack K, Dielacher I, Wachter J, Schachner I, Jakwerth S, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Tóth E, Savio D, Farnleitner AH, Kittinger C, Kirschner AK, Zarfel G. Non-wild type antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison. in 43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin. 2021;:30.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4730 .

Koller, Michael, Hack, Kerstin, Dielacher, Irina, Wachter, Julian, Schachner, Iris, Jakwerth, Stefan, Kolarević, Stoimir, Kračun-Kolarević, Margareta, Tóth, Erika, Savio, Domenico, Farnleitner, Andreas H., Kittinger, Clemens, Kirschner, Alexander K.T., Zarfel, Gernot, "Non-wild type antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in the River Danube: a six-year-comparison" in 43rd IAD Conference: Rivers and Floodplains in the Antropocene: Upcoming Challenges in the Danube River Basin (2021):30,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_ibiss_4730 .